Far-ultraviolet Camera (1969)

Carruthers enables observations of the stars.

Ultraviolet (UV) light is found beyond the violet end of our visible spectrum of light, toward the X-rays. It is given off by the sun and is harmful to living things which is why we need to wear sunscreen when we go out in the sun. Fortunately for us most of it is absorbed by Earth's atmosphere.Ultraviolet light from places other than the sun can tell us a great deal about the universe specifically about stars that are between twice and ten times the temperature of the sun. Because Earth's atmosphere gets in the way, astronomers find it hard to see them By the mid-1960s, however, humans were journeying beyond Earth's atmosphere...Normal camera pick up only light around the visible spectrum, but on November 11, 1969, astrophysicist Dr. George Carruthers (b 1939) was granted a patent for an Image converter for detecting electromagnetic radiation especially in short wave lengths. The far- ultraviolet camera was a 3-inch (7.62 cm, 48.5 pound (22 kg), gold-plated apparatus that could see stars that are a hundred times faster than those that can be seen with the human eye. The camera was sent up with the Apollo 16 mission in 1972 and placed on the Moon's surface allowing researchers to examine Earth's atmosphere for concentrations of pollutants.lt recorded nearly 200 images, giving astronomers data on over 550 stars nebulae, and galaxies, as well as providing new views of Earth. The camera: looked into the ionosphere the highest part of our atmosphere and gave us some of our earliest sold data on the concentrations of man-made pollutants. DK

Internet (1969)

1963, the Advanced Research Project Agency unit, set up by the U.S. Defense Department,

began to build a computer network. Driven by fear of the Soviet nuclear threat, it aimed to link computers

at different locations, so researchers could share data electronically without
having fixed routes

between them, making the system less vulnerable to attacks even nuclear ones.

Data was converted into telephone signals 

using a modem (modulator-demodulator), developed at AT&T In the late 1950's. In the 1960's, key advances were made including "packet switching" the system

of packaging, labeling, and routing data that enables it to be delivered across the network

between machines. Paul Baran (b. 1926) proposed this system, which broke each message

down into tiny chunks. These would be fired into the network, which would then route ("switch")

the various pieces to the desired destination

So, if chunks of a message were traveling from Seattle to New York via Dallas, but Dallas

suddenly went offline, the network would automatically route via Denver Instead. Different parts-

or "packets"-of a message would go by different routes, before being reassembled back into the

original message at their destination, even if they arrived in the wrong order.

Baran published his concept in 1964, and five years later the new network-called ARPANET--Went live
As the threat of nuclear war receded in the early 1970s, ARPANET was renamed the

Internet and effectively opened to all users. Since then, the development of e-mail, the creation

of the World Wide Web, and browser technology has enabled the Internet to become a rich communication facility. SC